F.M.A. Alshehri, “Electricity Generation from Mass,” Insight. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2025.

When looking at the world's daily energy needs for electricity consumption in all aspects of life, from electric lighting inside homes and workplaces within both simple and large structural buildings like houses or big buildings, paying millions of dollars to operate electricity and pay expensive bills, and considering the very high quantities of space and materials needed to build skyscrapers, palaces, hotels, and other structures, we might take a very simplified example to serve as a foundation for this research and convey the basic idea, and then apply it to those various buildings. This could be an entry point to utilize the weights of heavy individuals in social life; their weights could be used to charge mobile devices, operate temporary lighting for their office work, and generate local and temporary electricity within bathrooms using the weights of toilets.

S. Oucheriah and A. Azad, “Robust Nonlinear Controllers for the Boost Converters with Constant Power Loads,” Insight. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2025.

The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL, presenting a major challenge in the design of stabilizing controllers. In this note, three different types of stabilizing controllers to regulate the output of the DC-DC boost converter driving a CPL are discussed and compared through simulations.

E.S.N. Korrani, “Line-Following Electronic Board for Robotics Applications,” Insight. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-5, 2025.

Existing line-following robotic systems, such as Pololu boards, are constrained by static thresholding algorithms, limited adaptability to dynamic environments, and high costs. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a compact, low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) designed for robust line tracking in educational and industrial applications.
The system integrates an array of QRE1113GR infrared (IR) sensors, an adaptive threshold-based signal processing algorithm, and an Arduino Nano microcontroller to achieve stability under variable lighting (100–500 lux) and uneven terrain. Key hardware innovations include a two-layer PCB layout with segregated analog and digital components to minimize noise, MOSFET-based motor drivers for efficient power distribution, and a voltage regulation circuit using AMS1117 and decoupling capacitors.
Experimental validation demonstrates a 95%-line detection accuracy on white surfaces, a 50 ms sensor-to-motor response latency, and a 50% reduction in power consumption (120 mA at 5V) compared to commercial alternatives. The design achieves a material cost of USD 18 and dimensions of 60.2 mm × 24.7 mm, enabling portability for small-scale robotics. The primary contributions of this work are: 1) a dynamic thresholding algorithm empirically optimized for environmental adaptability, 2) a modular, open-source hardware architecture, and 3) a comparative analysis quantifying performance improvement over a fixed-threshold system. Future research will focus on integrating machine learning for real-time terrain classification and expanding wireless communication capabilities.

P. Singh, B.K. Kanaujiya, R. Kumar, and S. Singh, “Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference in S-Band Doppler Radar Systems Being Used by IMD,” Insight. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2025.

This study investigates the issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in Doppler weather radar (DWR) systems employed by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). IMD utilizes a range of radar systems operating in S-band, C-band, and X-band frequencies to monitor precipitation, intensity, movement, and type (rain, hail, snow, etc.). These radar systems rely on the extrapolation of radar backscattered echoes and numerical model predictions, integrated with radar data, to forecast weather phenomena and location. Notably, transmitted signals are quite powerful (800 kW) and the received echo signal by the radar antenna is relatively weak (~3^-16 W). Raindrops are typically 0.5–5 mm in diameter with a distance between two raindrops ~5 cm, due to which, a small fraction of transmitted energy hits the raindrops and is scattered back. Consequently, a weather radar system performs its functions with high sensitivity while navigating for the target in the dynamically changing electromagnetic environment. However, as electricity within a circuit is never absolutely enclosed, electronic devices inevitably emit some amount of electromagnetic radiation, which can interfere with weather radar signals when emitted at the same or near close frequency. This interference can disrupt measurements and distort output images, potentially displaying spokes, spots, or stripes that limit the value of radar pictures. Moreover, electromagnetic emissions within the transmitter chain can impact the transmitter's performance by introducing spurious and harmonics in the pulse shape. This paper examines the nature of the problem faced by S-band Doppler radar systems used by IMD across India and discusses potential techniques for mitigating the issue.

M. Raj, Anshul, M. Pathak and A. Balwani, “Current Mirror Design for Low-Power, High-Precision Circuits: Achieving pA-Range Output Currents and High Output Impedance,” Insight. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2025.

The current mirror (CM) is a fundamental building block in analog circuit design, primarily used to replicate a reference current at the output terminal, ensuring that the output current closely matches the input current. CMs are crucial in integrated circuits, performing tasks such as current steering, biasing, and active load implementation. In an ideal scenario, the output current should precisely mirror the input current, while the output impedance should be infinite to prevent any loading effects. This study presents a novel CM circuit design that achieves ultra-low output currents in the picoampere (pA) range while maintaining an exceptionally high output impedance of around 20 gigaohm (GΩ) range, making it highly suitable for precision applications. The proposed circuit uses 2N7002 N-channel MOSFETs (NMOS), which provide significant advantages in very large-scale integration (VLSI) due to their low power consumption, compact size, and faster switching speed compared to traditional BJTs. Simulation and verification of the results were carried out using Cadence OrCAD X Capture, demonstrating that the proposed CM circuit effectively delivers pA-range output currents with a high degree of accuracy relative to the input current while maintaining GΩ-level output impedance. These characteristics make it highly effective for applications requiring precise current replication and high resistance, such as analog signal processing and low-power devices.